منابع
1- Ben-Menahem, Y., "Historical Contingency", Ratio (new series), 10, 2: 99-107, 1997.
2- Berlin, I., Four Essays on Liberty, London: OxfordUniversity Press, "Historical Inevitability", PP. 51-81, 1969.
3- Bradley, J. & Cowley, R., What If? 2: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, Penguin Group, 2001.
4- Bulhof, J., "What If? Modality and History", History and Theory, 38, 2: 145-168, 1999.
5- Bunzl, M., "Counterfactual History: A User’s Guide", American Historical Review, 109: 845-858, 2004.
6- Carr, E. H., What is History?, London: Macmillian, 1961.
7- Cartwright, N., "Causation: One Word, Many Things", Philosophy of Science, 71: 805-19, 2004.
8- Cohen, M., Wittgenstein's Beetle and Other Classic Thought Experiments, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
9- Cowley, R., What Ifs? of American History: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, Penguin Group, 2004.
10- _____ , R. 2005, What If? 2: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, The Berkley Publishing Group, 2005.
11- _____ , R. & Ambrose, S. E. (eds.), What If?: The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine what Might Have Been : Essays, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1999.
12- De May, T. & Weber, E., "Explanation and Thought Experiments in History", History and Theory, 42, 1: 28-38, 2003.
13- Dowe, P., Physical Causation, New York: CambrdigeUniversity Press, 2000.
14- Fair, D., "Causation and the Flow of Energy", Erkenntnis, 14: 219-250, 1979.
15- Gaddis, J. L., The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past, OxfordUniversity Press, 2002.
16- Hempel, K. G., "The Function of General Laws in History", Journal of Philosophy, 39: 35-48, 1942.
17- _____ , K. G., Philosophy of Ntural Science, Prentice-Hall, 1966.
18- Hume, D., An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1962.
19- Lebow, R. N., "Counterfactual Thought Experiments: A Necessary Research Tool", 2001.
<http://www2.hu-berlin.de/gesint/lehre/2002_2003/counterfact/lebow_ch2.pdf>
20- Lewis, D., "Causation", Journal of Philosophy, 70: 556–67, 1973.
21- _____ , D., "Causation as Influence", Journal of Philosophy, 97: 182–97, 2000.
22- Nagel, E., "Determinism in History", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 20, 3: 291-317, 1960.
23- Tetlock, P. E., "Close-Call Counterfactuals and Belief-System Defenses: I Was Not Almost Wrong But I Was Almost Right", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 3: 639-652, 1998.
24- _____ , P. E., "Theory-Driven Reasoning About Plausible Pasts and Probable Futures in World Politics: Are We Prisoners of Our Preconceptions?", American Journal of Political Science, 43, 2: 335-366, 1999.
25- _____ , P. E. & Belkin, A., "Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological and Psychological Perspectives", in Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives, PrincetonUniversity Press, PP. 3-38, 1996.
26- _____ , P. E. & Henik, E., "Theory- Versus Imagination- Driven Thinking about Historical Counterfactuals: Are We Prisoners of Our Preconceptions?", in Mandel, D. R. & Hilton, D. J. & Catellani, P. (eds.), The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking, Routledge, 2005.
27- _____ , P. E, Lebow, R. N., "Poking Counterfactual Holes in Covering Laws: Cognitive Styles and Historical Reasoning", The American Political Science Review, 95, 4: 829-843, 2001.
28- _____ , P. E, Lebow, R. N. & Parker, G. (eds.), Unmaking the West: "What-If?" Scenarios That Rewrite World History, University of Michigan Press, 2006.
29- _____ , P. E. & Visser P. S., "Thinking about Russia: Plausible Pasts and Probable Futures", British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 2: 173-196, 2000.
30- Thompson, E. P., The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays, New York: Monthly Reviw Press, 1978.
