نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار دپارتمان فلسفه، دانشگاه مفید، قم، ایران

چکیده

یکی از براهین ضدواقع‌گرایان علیه واقع‌گرایی علمی، برهان تعین ناقص است. بر مبنای این برهان، می‌توان تعداد نامتناهی توصیف تئوریک ناسازگار با یک‌دیگر دربارۀ عالم داشت در حالی که همگی در نتایج تجربی با یک‌دیگر هم‌ارز باشند. نتیجه این که نمی‌توان به هیچ توصیف علمیِ واحد، مرجح و صادق دربارۀ جهان باور داشت. برای نقد این دیدگاه، در این مقاله، ابتدا، واقع‌گرایی‌های معناشناسانه، معرفت‌شناسانه، و هستی‌شناسانه، تعریف، و پس از آن، پیش‌فرض‌ها و نکات کلی دربارۀ تز تعین ناقص، و صورت‌بندی‌های مختلف از براهین له و علیه آن ارائه می‌شود. آن‌گاه، با توضیح روابط محتمل بین این تز و انواع واقع‌گرایی علمی، نشان داده می‌شود که حتی در صورت درستی تز تعین ناقص، نوعی واقع‌گرایی علمی موسوم به "اصالت موجود" می‌تواند باقی بماند. بر مبنای اصالت موجود، می‌توان به وجود هویاتی تئوریک در عالَم باور داشت، بدون آن که باور کنیم توصیف نظریه‌های علمی از آن هویات، صادق‌اند. در پایان نیز به اختصار توضیح می‌دهیم هرچند اصالت موجود می‌تواند سنگری برای واقع‌گرایان در برابر حملات ضدواقع‌گرایان باشد، اما دیدگاهی سازگار نخواهد بود مگر آن که نوعی تفکیک هستی‌شناسانه و معرفت‌شناسانه بین وجود هویات و باور به اصالت آن‌ها، از یک طرف، و ویژگی‌ها یا ماهیت آن‌ها، از طرف دیگر، برقرار سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Scientific Realism and the Underdetermination Argument

نویسنده [English]

  • Mir Saeid Mousavi Karimi

Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Mofid University, Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

One of the most influential arguments against the scientific realist’s position is the Underdetermination Argument (UD) which holds that every theory has indefinitely many empirically equivalent, but logically incompatible, rivals, and hence there is no rational epistemic basis for believing any theory to be true. In this paper, after explaining some general points about and presumptions of UD, the most important arguments for and against UD will be discussed. Then, it is argued that a modified version of scientific realism, called “entity realism” (ER) can be immune from UD, since it is only committed to the existence of some unobservables, but is agnostic about their theoretical descriptions (whatnesses). ER, however, would be an incoherent thesis if the existence/whatness distinction, and the Existentialist’s idea, according to which existence is fundamentally real, is rejected. The conclusion of this paper is that ER, supplemented with Existentialism, although is not an ideal stance, is the best secured position for scientific realists that worth fighting for.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Scientific Realism
  • Scientific Antirealism
  • Underdetermination Argument
  • Entity Realism
  • Existence
  • Whatness
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